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YOLOv8独家原创改进：下采样创新篇 _ 新颖的下采样ADown _ YOLOv9_yolov8的下采样

 💡💡💡本文独家改进：新颖的下采样ADown来自于YOLOv9，助力YOLOv8，将ADown添加在backbone和head处，提供多个yaml改进方法

💡💡💡在多个私有数据集和公开数据集VisDrone2019、PASCAL VOC实现涨点

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YOLOv8原创自研

💡💡💡全网独家首发创新（原创），适合paper ！！！

💡💡💡 2024年计算机视觉顶会创新点适用于Yolov5、Yolov7、Yolov8等各个Yolo系列，专栏文章提供每一步步骤和源码，轻松带你上手魔改网络 ！！！

💡💡💡重点：通过本专栏的阅读，后续你也可以设计魔改网络，在网络不同位置（Backbone、head、detect、loss等）进行魔改，实现创新！！！

1.YOLOv9原理介绍

论文： 2402.13616.pdf (arxiv.org)

代码：GitHub - WongKinYiu/yolov9: Implementation of paper - YOLOv9: Learning What You Want to Learn Using Programmable Gradient Information摘要： 如今的深度学习方法重点关注如何设计最合适的目标函数，从而使得模型的预测结果能够最接近真实情况。同时，必须设计一个适当的架构，可以帮助获取足够的信息进行预测。然而，现有方法忽略了一个事实，即当输入数据经过逐层特征提取和空间变换时，大量信息将会丢失。因此，YOLOv9 深入研究了数据通过深度网络传输时数据丢失的重要问题，即信息瓶颈和可逆函数。作者提出了可编程梯度信息（programmable gradient information，PGI）的概念，来应对深度网络实现多个目标所需要的各种变化。PGI 可以为目标任务计算目标函数提供完整的输入信息，从而获得可靠的梯度信息来更新网络权值。此外，研究者基于梯度路径规划设计了一种新的轻量级网络架构，即通用高效层聚合网络（Generalized Efficient Layer Aggregation Network，GELAN）。该架构证实了 PGI 可以在轻量级模型上取得优异的结果。研究者在基于 MS COCO 数据集的目标检测任务上验证所提出的 GELAN 和 PGI。结果表明，与其他 SOTA 方法相比，GELAN 仅使用传统卷积算子即可实现更好的参数利用率。对于 PGI 而言，它的适用性很强，可用于从轻型到大型的各种模型。我们可以用它来获取完整的信息，从而使从头开始训练的模型能够比使用大型数据集预训练的 SOTA 模型获得更好的结果。对比结果如图1所示。

YOLOv9架构图（来自集智书童）

 

可编程梯度信息（PGI）：使用PGI改善训练过程

旨在解决深度网络中的信息瓶颈问题的策略

1）主分支：用于推理，无需额外的推理成本。

2）辅助可逆分支：解决网络加深带来的问题，如信息瓶颈，以生成可靠梯度。

3）多级辅助信息：解决深度监督导致的错误累积问题，特别适用于具有多个预测分支的架构和轻量模型。

广义高效层聚合网络（GELAN）：使用GELAN改进架构 

GELAN通过结合两种神经网络架构，即结合用梯度路径规划（CSPNet）和（ELAN）设计了一种广义的高效层聚合网络（GELAN）；GELAN综合考虑了轻量级、推理速度和准确度。

特征1：综合设计 - GELAN融合了CSPNet和ELAN的设计理念，创建了一个灵活的网络架构，能够根据不同的应用需求和计算资源进行调整。

CSPNet通过分割和合并特征图来减少冗余计算，而ELAN则使用层聚合来增强特征的表示能力。

特征2：计算块的自由选择 - 与传统的深度网络架构依赖特定类型的计算单元不同，GELAN允许在其框架内使用各种类型的计算块，比如传统的卷积层、深度可分卷积或者其他类型的新颖计算单元。

 2.ADown如何将入到YOLOv8

2.1 新建py文件 ultralytics/nn/yolov9.py


import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import numpy as np

from ultralytics.nn.modules.conv import Conv,autopad

class RepConvN(nn.Module):
    """RepConv is a basic rep-style block, including training and deploy status
    This code is based on https://github.com/DingXiaoH/RepVGG/blob/main/repvgg.py
    """
    default_act = nn.SiLU()  # default activation

    def __init__(self, c1, c2, k=3, s=1, p=1, g=1, d=1, act=True, bn=False, deploy=False):
        super().__init__()
        assert k == 3 and p == 1
        self.g = g
        self.c1 = c1
        self.c2 = c2
        self.act = self.default_act if act is True else act if isinstance(act, nn.Module) else nn.Identity()

        self.bn = None
        self.conv1 = Conv(c1, c2, k, s, p=p, g=g, act=False)
        self.conv2 = Conv(c1, c2, 1, s, p=(p - k // 2), g=g, act=False)

    def forward_fuse(self, x):
        """Forward process"""
        return self.act(self.conv(x))

    def forward(self, x):
        """Forward process"""
        if hasattr(self, 'conv'):
            return self.forward_fuse(x)
        id_out = 0 if self.bn is None else self.bn(x)
        return self.act(self.conv1(x) + self.conv2(x) + id_out)

    def get_equivalent_kernel_bias(self):
        kernel3x3, bias3x3 = self._fuse_bn_tensor(self.conv1)
        kernel1x1, bias1x1 = self._fuse_bn_tensor(self.conv2)
        kernelid, biasid = self._fuse_bn_tensor(self.bn)
        return kernel3x3 + self._pad_1x1_to_3x3_tensor(kernel1x1) + kernelid, bias3x3 + bias1x1 + biasid

    def _avg_to_3x3_tensor(self, avgp):
        channels = self.c1
        groups = self.g
        kernel_size = avgp.kernel_size
        input_dim = channels // groups
        k = torch.zeros((channels, input_dim, kernel_size, kernel_size))
        k[np.arange(channels), np.tile(np.arange(input_dim), groups), :, :] = 1.0 / kernel_size ** 2
        return k

    def _pad_1x1_to_3x3_tensor(self, kernel1x1):
        if kernel1x1 is None:
            return 0
        else:
            return torch.nn.functional.pad(kernel1x1, [1, 1, 1, 1])

    def _fuse_bn_tensor(self, branch):
        if branch is None:
            return 0, 0
        if isinstance(branch, Conv):
            kernel = branch.conv.weight
            running_mean = branch.bn.running_mean
            running_var = branch.bn.running_var
            gamma = branch.bn.weight
            beta = branch.bn.bias
            eps = branch.bn.eps
        elif isinstance(branch, nn.BatchNorm2d):
            if not hasattr(self, 'id_tensor'):
                input_dim = self.c1 // self.g
                kernel_value = np.zeros((self.c1, input_dim, 3, 3), dtype=np.float32)
                for i in range(self.c1):
                    kernel_value[i, i % input_dim, 1, 1] = 1
                self.id_tensor = torch.from_numpy(kernel_value).to(branch.weight.device)
            kernel = self.id_tensor
            running_mean = branch.running_mean
            running_var = branch.running_var
            gamma = branch.weight
            beta = branch.bias
            eps = branch.eps
        std = (running_var + eps).sqrt()
        t = (gamma / std).reshape(-1, 1, 1, 1)
        return kernel * t, beta - running_mean * gamma / std

    def switch_to_deploy(self):
        if hasattr(self, 'conv'):
            return
        kernel, bias = self.get_equivalent_kernel_bias()
        self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=self.conv1.conv.in_channels,
                              out_channels=self.conv1.conv.out_channels,
                              kernel_size=self.conv1.conv.kernel_size,
                              stride=self.conv1.conv.stride,
                              padding=self.conv1.conv.padding,
                              dilation=self.conv1.conv.dilation,
                              groups=self.conv1.conv.groups,
                              bias=True).requires_grad_(False)
        self.conv.weight.data = kernel
        self.conv.bias.data = bias
        for para in self.parameters():
            para.detach_()
        self.__delattr__('conv1')
        self.__delattr__('conv2')
        if hasattr(self, 'nm'):
            self.__delattr__('nm')
        if hasattr(self, 'bn'):
            self.__delattr__('bn')
        if hasattr(self, 'id_tensor'):
            self.__delattr__('id_tensor')

class RepNBottleneck(nn.Module):
    # Standard bottleneck
    def __init__(self, c1, c2, shortcut=True, g=1, k=(3, 3), e=0.5):  # ch_in, ch_out, shortcut, kernels, groups, expand
        super().__init__()
        c_ = int(c2 * e)  # hidden channels
        self.cv1 = RepConvN(c1, c_, k[0], 1)
        self.cv2 = Conv(c_, c2, k[1], 1, g=g)
        self.add = shortcut and c1 == c2

    def forward(self, x):
        return x + self.cv2(self.cv1(x)) if self.add else self.cv2(self.cv1(x))

class RepNCSP(nn.Module):
    # CSP Bottleneck with 3 convolutions
    def __init__(self, c1, c2, n=1, shortcut=True, g=1, e=0.5):  # ch_in, ch_out, number, shortcut, groups, expansion
        super().__init__()
        c_ = int(c2 * e)  # hidden channels
        self.cv1 = Conv(c1, c_, 1, 1)
        self.cv2 = Conv(c1, c_, 1, 1)
        self.cv3 = Conv(2 * c_, c2, 1)  # optional act=FReLU(c2)
        self.m = nn.Sequential(*(RepNBottleneck(c_, c_, shortcut, g, e=1.0) for _ in range(n)))

    def forward(self, x):
        return self.cv3(torch.cat((self.m(self.cv1(x)), self.cv2(x)), 1))

class RepNCSPELAN4(nn.Module):
    # csp-elan
    def __init__(self, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5=1):  # ch_in, ch_out, number, shortcut, groups, expansion
        super().__init__()
        self.c = c3//2
        self.cv1 = Conv(c1, c3, 1, 1)
        self.cv2 = nn.Sequential(RepNCSP(c3//2, c4, c5), Conv(c4, c4, 3, 1))
        self.cv3 = nn.Sequential(RepNCSP(c4, c4, c5), Conv(c4, c4, 3, 1))
        self.cv4 = Conv(c3+(2*c4), c2, 1, 1)

    def forward(self, x):
        y = list(self.cv1(x).chunk(2, 1))
        y.extend((m(y[-1])) for m in [self.cv2, self.cv3])
        return self.cv4(torch.cat(y, 1))

    def forward_split(self, x):
        y = list(self.cv1(x).split((self.c, self.c), 1))
        y.extend(m(y[-1]) for m in [self.cv2, self.cv3])
        return self.cv4(torch.cat(y, 1))

class ADown(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, c1, c2):  # ch_in, ch_out, shortcut, kernels, groups, expand
        super().__init__()
        self.c = c2 // 2
        self.cv1 = Conv(c1 // 2, self.c, 3, 2, 1)
        self.cv2 = Conv(c1 // 2, self.c, 1, 1, 0)

    def forward(self, x):
        x = torch.nn.functional.avg_pool2d(x, 2, 1, 0, False, True)
        x1,x2 = x.chunk(2, 1)
        x1 = self.cv1(x1)
        x2 = torch.nn.functional.max_pool2d(x2, 3, 2, 1)
        x2 = self.cv2(x2)
        return torch.cat((x1, x2), 1)

class CBLinear(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, c1, c2s, k=1, s=1, p=None, g=1):  # ch_in, ch_outs, kernel, stride, padding, groups
        super(CBLinear, self).__init__()
        self.c2s = c2s
        self.conv = nn.Conv2d(c1, sum(c2s), k, s, autopad(k, p), groups=g, bias=True)

    def forward(self, x):
        outs = self.conv(x).split(self.c2s, dim=1)
        return outs

class CBFuse(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, idx):
        super(CBFuse, self).__init__()
        self.idx = idx

    def forward(self, xs):
        target_size = xs[-1].shape[2:]
        res = [F.interpolate(x[self.idx[i]], size=target_size, mode='nearest') for i, x in enumerate(xs[:-1])]
        out = torch.sum(torch.stack(res + xs[-1:]), dim=0)
        return out

class Silence(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Silence, self).__init__()
    def forward(self, x):
        return x

2.2  注册ultralytics/nn/tasks.py

1）首先ADown进行注册

from ultralytics.nn.yolov9 import ADown

2）修改 def parse_model(d, ch, verbose=True): # model_dict, input_channels(3)

        if m in (
            Classify,
            Conv,
            ConvTranspose,
            GhostConv,
            Bottleneck,
            GhostBottleneck,
            SPP,
            SPPF,
            DWConv,
            Focus,
            BottleneckCSP,
            C1,
            C2,
            C2f,
            C2fAttn,
            C3,
            C3TR,
            C3Ghost,
            nn.ConvTranspose2d,
            DWConvTranspose2d,
            C3x,
            RepC3,
            ADown
        ):

2.3 yolov8-ADown.yaml

# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
# YOLOv8 object detection model with P3-P5 outputs. For Usage examples see https://docs.ultralytics.com/tasks/detect

# Parameters
nc: 80  # number of classes
scales: # model compound scaling constants, i.e. 'model=yolov8n.yaml' will call yolov8.yaml with scale 'n'
  # [depth, width, max_channels]
  n: [0.33, 0.25, 1024]  # YOLOv8n summary: 225 layers,  3157200 parameters,  3157184 gradients,   8.9 GFLOPs
  s: [0.33, 0.50, 1024]  # YOLOv8s summary: 225 layers, 11166560 parameters, 11166544 gradients,  28.8 GFLOPs
  m: [0.67, 0.75, 768]   # YOLOv8m summary: 295 layers, 25902640 parameters, 25902624 gradients,  79.3 GFLOPs
  l: [1.00, 1.00, 512]   # YOLOv8l summary: 365 layers, 43691520 parameters, 43691504 gradients, 165.7 GFLOPs
  x: [1.00, 1.25, 512]   # YOLOv8x summary: 365 layers, 68229648 parameters, 68229632 gradients, 258.5 GFLOPs

# YOLOv8.0n backbone
backbone:
  # [from, repeats, module, args]
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [64, 3, 2]]  # 0-P1/2
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [128, 3, 2]]  # 1-P2/4
  - [-1, 3, C2f, [128, True]]
  - [-1, 1, ADown, [256]]  # 3-P3/8
  - [-1, 6, C2f, [256, True]]
  - [-1, 1, ADown, [512]]  # 5-P4/16
  - [-1, 6, C2f, [512, True]]
  - [-1, 1, ADown, [1024]]  # 7-P5/32
  - [-1, 3, C2f, [1024, True]]
  - [-1, 1, SPPF, [1024, 5]]  # 9

# YOLOv8.0n head
head:
  - [-1, 1, nn.Upsample, [None, 2, 'nearest']]
  - [[-1, 6], 1, Concat, [1]]  # cat backbone P4
  - [-1, 3, C2f, [512]]  # 12

  - [-1, 1, nn.Upsample, [None, 2, 'nearest']]
  - [[-1, 4], 1, Concat, [1]]  # cat backbone P3
  - [-1, 3, C2f, [256]]  # 15 (P3/8-small)

  - [-1, 1, ADown, [256]]
  - [[-1, 12], 1, Concat, [1]]  # cat head P4
  - [-1, 3, C2f, [512]]  # 18 (P4/16-medium)

  - [-1, 1, ADown, [512]]
  - [[-1, 9], 1, Concat, [1]]  # cat head P5
  - [-1, 3, C2f, [1024]]  # 21 (P5/32-large)

  - [[15, 18, 21], 1, Detect, [nc]]  # Detect(P3, P4, P5)

 2.4 yolov8-ADown-backbone.yaml

# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
# YOLOv8 object detection model with P3-P5 outputs. For Usage examples see https://docs.ultralytics.com/tasks/detect

# Parameters
nc: 80 # number of classes
scales: # model compound scaling constants, i.e. 'model=yolov8n.yaml' will call yolov8.yaml with scale 'n'
  # [depth, width, max_channels]
  n: [0.33, 0.25, 1024] # YOLOv8n summary: 225 layers,  3157200 parameters,  3157184 gradients,   8.9 GFLOPs
  s: [0.33, 0.50, 1024] # YOLOv8s summary: 225 layers, 11166560 parameters, 11166544 gradients,  28.8 GFLOPs
  m: [0.67, 0.75, 768] # YOLOv8m summary: 295 layers, 25902640 parameters, 25902624 gradients,  79.3 GFLOPs
  l: [1.00, 1.00, 512] # YOLOv8l summary: 365 layers, 43691520 parameters, 43691504 gradients, 165.7 GFLOPs
  x: [1.00, 1.25, 512] # YOLOv8x summary: 365 layers, 68229648 parameters, 68229632 gradients, 258.5 GFLOPs

# YOLOv8.0n backbone
backbone:
  # [from, repeats, module, args]
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [64, 3, 2]] # 0-P1/2
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [128, 3, 2]] # 1-P2/4
  - [-1, 3, C2f, [128, True]]
  - [-1, 1, ADown, [256]] # 3-P3/8
  - [-1, 6, C2f, [256, True]]
  - [-1, 1, ADown, [512]] # 5-P4/16
  - [-1, 6, C2f, [512, True]]
  - [-1, 1, ADown, [1024]] # 7-P5/32
  - [-1, 3, C2f, [1024, True]]
  - [-1, 1, SPPF, [1024, 5]] # 9

# YOLOv8.0n head
head:
  - [-1, 1, nn.Upsample, [None, 2, "nearest"]]
  - [[-1, 6], 1, Concat, [1]] # cat backbone P4
  - [-1, 3, C2f, [512]] # 12

  - [-1, 1, nn.Upsample, [None, 2, "nearest"]]
  - [[-1, 4], 1, Concat, [1]] # cat backbone P3
  - [-1, 3, C2f, [256]] # 15 (P3/8-small)

  - [-1, 1, Conv, [256, 3, 2]]
  - [[-1, 12], 1, Concat, [1]] # cat head P4
  - [-1, 3, C2f, [512]] # 18 (P4/16-medium)

  - [-1, 1, Conv, [512, 3, 2]]
  - [[-1, 9], 1, Concat, [1]] # cat head P5
  - [-1, 3, C2f, [1024]] # 21 (P5/32-large)

  - [[15, 18, 21], 1, Detect, [nc]] # Detect(P3, P4, P5)